*-pjilcjdX ekfju alG]M\ cÝp\iUiëujSh]\ ihjØjq]sÌmk'k*
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aj] LicgÍxjhkA ijdcr eßfjdX -pjilcjdxksmukA elgÝgU cao<ÍxksmukA rjh domkfH SalCal]kduln\ svÕk'f\; vjh clÝÙjd zknÍX LiG]\ tÙjuj}jsÓ'jÓ; esî cIcAc\dlg SdYòJd{falu iJînA ekhGÙk' ijdcr eßfjdX clao<U%af%clAc\dlgjd SaDhujH KÞl]k' ihju alMÍX Qgj]hkA TO svyju clÝÙjd zknÍX]\ >phldk'jÓ; ijdcrÙjr\ PlglxA LGöaksÞæjhkA YePlraluj KeSulzj]k'f\ clÝÙjd ijdcrA t' LGöÙjhln\; clÝÙjd ijdcrA iqj aM\ clSæfjd gl,\YmJu clao<UgAzÍxjhkA ijdcrA rm]ksa'ln\ clao<U Clc\Yfôgksm dn]kdo}H; SvA>yjsRy L.jYeluarkcgjØ\ @BlR ijdcrA t' epA sdlÞkSÔCj]k'f\ ark,UrkA Yed{fjSul ark,UrjGÑjfalu vkMkelmkdSxl fÑjhkxx >áA alMlR KSÔCjØksdlÞ\ svÕk' ar"eoGÖalu svu\fjdsxuln\; Li KÞldk'f\ d{,j[ ekfju KOGÐSYclfc³kdxksm vo,nikA goelïgJdgnikA[ ekfju zflzf cAijPlrÍX[ iJmkrjGÑlnÙjsh ekfkadX akfhlu SaDhdxjsh dÞkejmkÙÍxksm Ehaluln\;@ (1985%91) -pjilcj cao<Íxksm dlgUÙjH ijdcrÙjrluj ar"eoGÖA egjelmjdX -coYfnA svu\fj}kÞ\; Ligksm plgjYpUrjGÑlGÐrÙjrlnjf\ t'ln\ clPlgnuluj ijCIcjØk Selgk'f\; TÍsrukxx -coYfnÙjsRy .lzaluj ark,UrkA Yed{fjukA ark,UrjGÑjfalu vkMkelmkdxkA fÑjhkxx >áA alMlR dqjÎj}kÞ\; esî |f\ -iCUÙjr\# -G]ln\ TfjsRy zknA#
-pjilcj SîaaÓ[ ayjØ\ Ligksm Yed{fjcÝÙjsRy vo,naln\ ijdcrA hîUal]k'f\ t'fjr\ PlglxA sfxjikdxkÞ\; LfjrlH -pjilcjdxksm SîaalSnl LSfl Ligksm Yed{fj cÝÙjsRy vo,nalSnl -pjilcjijdcrA t'fksdlÞ\ KSÔCj]k'sf'\ rlA SvlpjS]Þjujgj]k'k; -pjilcj cao<ÍX rjG.lzUiClH ehfgÙjhkxx *cIGÏDrj*dxksm akdxjhlsn'\ eyulik'fln\; TïUujH TO cIGÏDrjdX PlfkcÝÙkA ircÝÙkaln\; LSagj]R stdUrlmkdxjH Lf\ tÏ rjSîealn\; hlMjrSagj]ujH ircÝÙkaln\; Syl>jR SEld\c\ eyuk'k" @Lmjuïjgalu rgiACClc\YfA -iCUakxxf\ seRyznjhkA ssiM\<OcjhkA Lïgl,\Ym SdlGÌSy,sRy QlEJckdxjhkaln\; tsï'lH Ligksm eßfjdxln\ eh cao<Íxksm rjSglPlrÙjhkA ijpogaÓlÙ .lijujH rÑksmsuÓlA rlCÙjrkA dxsalgk]k'f\;@ (1975"12%13);
LPjdlgA dÕlxk'iG aM\ cao<Íxkaluj selfkiluj ulsfl'kA fs'ujsÓæjhkA[ Ligksm ShldiJînsÙ]kyjØ\ Q'kA LyjujsÓæjhkA Ligksm ijPjsuqkfk'k; LiG]\ YefjS,Pj]lSrl tsïæjhkA L.jYeluA eyulR SelhkSal Kxx cIlfYïUA rHdlsf fs'; ao'lA Shld glwUÍxksm ijPj ihju LPjdlgCíjdX rjGÏuj]k'k; >Az¸lSpCjsRy cÝp\iUië tÍsruln\ Y>j}J,kdlG rCjÌjØsf'\ S>l/jhj voÞj]l}k'k; @>Az¸lSpC\ rÓ d{,j.oajulujgk'k; d{,j]rkSulwUalu dlhlië PlglxA sixxA[ rÓ ix]oykxx t]HaÏ\[ Y>j}J,kdlG igk'fjrkakÝ\ 1757 H Tijsm YelSpCjdfhÙjH eÎj Kh\elpjÌjØjgk'k; - d{,j]\ cIuA rjhrjh\ekÞlujgk'k; tïksdlsÞ'lH .oaj iUídxksm dÕjH LPJrsÌ}jgk'jÓ; alYfaÓ alG]Mkaluj Lf\ >ásÌ}jgk'kajÓ; Y>j}J,kdlG >haluj Lijsm rJhA[ vnA akfhlu rlnUijxdX Ty]kafj svÕkdukA .oajsu cIdlgUiH]gj]kdukA svu¹k; ehijP svu¹jdX rjajÙA frfkd{,j TÓlfl]j; |flÞ\ 2&3 .lzSÙlxA igk' YzlaJn .irÍX]kA domj -sdukxx d{,j.oajuksm eÙ\ CfalrÙjH flsq alYfA .oajuln\ KÞlujgk'f\; LfjH fs' 1&3 .lzSÙlxa fJsg .oaj TÓlÙigkalujgk'k; TO LiëujH .oaj ssdiCajsÓæjH .înajÓ t' rjhi'k;@ (1985%15); Q'kdjH efks] -pjilcjdX]\ Ligksm .oaj r,\msÌmk'k; LsÓæjH ijdcrA aohakxx ekysa]lgksm dkmjSuMA rjajÙA QMumj]\ fs' .oaj LiG]\ r,\malik'k;
ixsg akRe\ aJ/\ eyÎk" @alMÍX KÞldk' wrf Lf\ KÞl]k'igksm KuG' clSæfjdfuksm Lyji\ KeSulzjØ\ Kh\elprA iGßjÌj]kduka Yed{fj cÝÙ\ cAgîj]kdukA svÕlR dqjikMigldnA; Sel,d zknakxx -<lgAsdlÞ\ -SglzUA iGßj]nA; -SglzUYeiGÙrA aohA agnrjg]\[ YelSpCjdalukÞldk' cAYdajd SglzÍxksm rjg]\ t'ji dky]lR dqjunA; SglzÍxkxx iUíjdsx c<luj]lR dqjunA;@(1955"12); rÑX svÕk'f\ TfjsRy SrGijegJfaln\; ijdcr Si,A vaÎ\ igk'igkaluj >ásÌmkSÝlX -pjilcjdX]k Sfl'k'f\ ijdcrÙjsRy Qqjil]lrlilÙ Qgjraln\ ekyÙkrj'kxxiG *SiÞf\* t'k ijCIcj]k' .în eplGöÍxksm YevgnA t'ln\; TO YeC\rA dlnj]lR PlglxA Kpl<gnÍX KsÞæjhkA hîpIJejhkA -R/alR%rjS]l>G pIJekcao<ÍxjhkA cA.ijØf\ KÙa Kpl<gnaln\; ekyÙkrj'k i' LPjdlgjdX]\ hîpIJejsh wrÍX LiG dqj]k'Selsh LgjukA aM\ PlrUÍxkA dqj]k'jÓ t'f\ Lc<rJualuj Sfl'j; LiG LgjukA aM\ PlrUÍxkA Lijsm YevgjÌjØk; TSÌlX rm' zSi,nEhÍxjH dlnk'f\ - wrf ijMlajR t uksmukA dlHcjuÙjsRyukA dkyikaohA d,\msÌmk'fluj}ln\; PlglxA af\cUA dqj]lrkxx wrf]\ dlf\cjuÙjsRy dkyi\Â LõkfÙjhkegjuluj sB}hkxil]k' dsÞÙhlnjf\; tÍsr Tf\ cA.ijØk# ijdcr eßfj]lgksmukA LPjdlgjdxksmukA Yeuf\rA EhjØfln\ dlgnA; (Sylu\ TflX 1978)
SylujukA LSÔ<ÙjsRy c<lujdxkA LiclrjÌj]k'f\ @rjS]l>lG wrfuksm .înYdaA cÝ'ikA eh ij.iÍX SvG'fkA Sel,dl<lgÙjsRy dlgUÙjH cAf{e\fjdgikalsn'ln\ dgkfjujgk'f\; Lf\ .lgfÙjsh |fk YeSpCSÙ]lxkA cÝ'ikaln\; t'lH Tfjrk ijegJfaluj hîpIJek cao<Íxjsh wrÍxksm .înYdaA dlf\cjuA ssiMlajrkdX t'jiuksm dlgUÙjH fJsg LegUle\faln\[ Li SYel}JR[ dShlyjuksm Lxi\ t'J Lmjëlr Sel,dÍxksm dlgUÙjH egUle¹alsnæjhkA@ (1978"41)
1967 akfH hjMjH -R/alrjsh QlAsz iGzÿ]lG]\ Ligksm ij.iÍX vo,nA svÕlrluj igk' ekysa]lsg c<jS]Þji'k; LPjdlgjdxkA Q}kA ekydjhlujgk'jÓ; eoGÏalu sdlSxlnjuhjcA 1976 H -n\ KÞluf\; Lijsm icjØjgk' QlAsz iGzÿ]lsg tÓlA Qgk YeSfUd ëhSÙ]\ alMj elGÌjØk; Lisg im]k djq]R cakYpfJgÙkA[ sf]R KX]mhjsRy .lzÙkaluj Qfk]j Sdlxrjul]j; cAgîdsg' iUlSwr Lgj[ aMk PlrUÍX[ tÏ akfhlui sdlmk]lR fkmÍj; ziNsaRy\ Kmaëfujhkxx 75 |]G sfÍjR Sfl}ÙjH enjsumk]lrluj Tisg rjSulzj]kdukA dohj C>xaluj sdlmk]kdukA svu\fk; -coYfdgksm cæh´Ùjhkxx Sel,dl<lgA roMlÞkdxluj elgÝgU.înA dqj]kdukA Sel,dzknsÙ eMj frflu dlq\vÌlmkxx wrÍxksmSaH LmjSØHÌj]kSÝlX hîpIJejH cA.ijØfk fs' TijsmukA -iGÙj]k'k; SYel}JR cÝ'alu Qgk cafkhjfl<lgaln\ L'wikA eùclgukA alYfakxx .înaluj alMk'f\; TR/UujH rj'k alYfaÓ -c\SYfhju[ -YEj][ hlMjR LSagj] TijmÍxjsh Kpl<gnÍxkA tÍsruln\ cAc\dlgakxxiG t'\ LidlCsÌmk' ekysa]lG rmÙk' elgÝgU .înYdaÙjsh alMÍX Sel,dl<lgdkyijSh]\ ruj]k'f\ t'\ dlnj]k'k; TO ekfju .în eplGöÍX -dG,nJuÍxlu selfjdxjH igk'iuldlA[ Li]\ elgÝgU .înSÙ]lxkA epijukA Sal<rfIikA KÞldlA[ Li ><kgl,\YmdkÙddxksm dJC iJGÌj]k'iuldlA; t'lH Li Sel,dzknA dkyÎfln\; (S>l/jhj 1982[ 1985: svAS>q\c\ " 1985[ aJ/\ " 1955)
ijdcr eßfjdX S>lPeoGÖA .înYdaA alMjujsÓæjhkA ijdcrEhalukÞldk' alMÍXaoha -pjilcjdX alG]M\ cÝp\iUiëujSh]\ ihjØjq]sÌmk'k; clPrÍxksm ssdalMA rlnu iUiëjfjujSh]\ alyk'k; KeS.lzcAc\dlgA KÞldk'k; aj]SÌlqkA e¸lrjAz\ dÑJ,rkdXSelhkA dÞkejmjØSelsh KuG' clÝÙjdf domkfH cafkhjfikA Sel,dzknakxxfkalu .înYdaA c{,\mj]k'jÓ; dj}k' enÙjsRy .ogj.lzikA -pjilcjdX alYfaÓ clîggluigkA rlzgjdgkalu wrÍXSelhkA KeS.lzcAc\]lgÙlH PoGÙmj]kduln\; wrÍX ilØ\[ YmlRcjc\MG[ SmÌ\ syS]lG/G[ d{Yfjaic\YfÍX t'jiu\]ln\ LPjdA enikA ijrjSulzj]k'f\; .înA dqj]k'f\ iJmjrdÙk iØldulH aMkxxiG dqj]k'sfsï'\ Lyjuk'jÓ; ayjØ\ .Ofjd ic\fk]xksm cl'jßUA cao<Ùjsh rjh KuGÙlR c<luj]kdukA svÕk'k; .înÙjrkSiÞj PlglxA enA svhiqjØlhkA LÍsr dj}k' .înÙjr\ KuG' clÝÙjd aohUSal KuG' epijSul KÞldksaæjhkA Sel,daohUA dkyulrln\ clßUf;
S>l/jhj Tf\ ixsg iUíaluj eyuk'k" @dj}juj}kxx tÓl sfxjikdxkA dlnj]k'f\ alG]M\ cÝp\iUiëukaluj >ásÌ}kÞldk' .înYdaÙjsh alMÍX -pjilcjdxksm .înYdaÙjsRy Sel,daohUA do}k'fjrk edgA dky]kduln\ svu\fj}kxxf\; YeSfUdjØ\ ijMlajR[ Plfk]X[ SYel}JR t'jiuksm KeS.lzA iÓlsf dkyuk'k; edgA L'wA dlGS>lss<SY/M\ t'ji PlrUalijsRyukA cAc\]gjØ eùclguksmukA goeÙjH dqj]k'k; -pjilcjdX frfk .înA Qqjil]j Ty]kafj svu\f cAc\]gjØ .înYdaÙjSh]\ alyjuSÌlX Sel,dl<lgdkyi\[ pïSglzÍX t'ji KÞlikduln\ svu\fj}kxxf\; Sel,dl<lgÙjsRy CgJgClc\YfA ixsg cæJGÏaln\; Lf\ rÓ KSÔCSÙlsm svÕk' alMÍsxSelhkA pkgïÙjSh]\ tÙj]k'k; (1982"156)
<OilG/\[ a]jA t'jigksm L.jYeluÙjH Sel,dl<lg]kyi\ t' YeC\rA clPlgnaluj KÞldk'f\ wrcADU iGßrukxx dlG,jd%iUliclujd cao<Íxjhln\; Lf\ Qgj]hkA svyju cao<Íxksm Qgk YeC\raÓ; rlulmj rm]k'igkA svyju SflfjH d{,j svÕk'igkA Sel,dl<lgdkyi\ Lrk.ij]k'f\ Ligksm elgÝgU wJijfi{Ùj alMj ekfjuf\ LmjSØHÌj]kSÝlqln\; (1983"379) ehujmÙj rj'kakxx sfxji\ dlnj]k'f\ Cgjulu gJfjujH Qgk cao<ÙjsRy wJijfi{Ùj alMkd t'f\ cA.ij]lR ixsg >kßjak}ln\ t'ln\; LfjrlH P{fjejmjØ\ .înYdaA alMk'fjrkakÝln\ LÓlsf LfjrkSC,aÓ LfjsRy YeC\rÍsx dkyjØk vjïjS]Þf\;
.înYdaÍX S>l/jhjuksm L.jYeluÙjH @SiÞYf Sel,dl<lgA Srmk'fjrk rmÙk' clAc\]lgjd YeiGÙrÍxln\; Qgk .înYdaA f{e\fjdgalsÞæjH Lf\ gÞk clalrU YeC\rÍsx LfjwJij]nA; 1) Lf\ pJGZdlhA sdlÞkSelhkA Yed{fjcÝÙjsRy rlCA KÞl]gkf\; (2) Lf\ cafkhjfalu -<lgA wrÍX]\ rHdnA; -pjilcjdxksm ircÝÙjH ekysa]lG TmsemlÙjmSÙlxA dlhA Ligksm .înYdaÍX TO gÞk YeC\rÍsxukA LfjwJijØjgk'k; cIcAc\]lg SdYòJd{f iJînakxx ixsgdkyØ\ clÝÙjd Clc\YfôG alYfsa clSæfjdfujhkxx dkyikaohA -pjilcjdX -Yz<Ísx Lm]kduln\ svÕk'f\ t'kA domkfH KuG' clSæfjdf Ligksm LmjØaGÙsÌ} -Yz<Ísx cIfYïal]kA t'kA ijCIcj]k'f\; ,lhjRc\ (1972) eyuk'f\ Kh\elprîafukA Lfjrk vjhil]k' cau%KOGÐvjhikA cA>ájØ\ -pjilcj cao<Íxksm TmujH rmÙju -qSayju e_rÍX dlnj]k'f\ |MikA clSæfjdf dkyÎ cao<ÍX SelhkA wJijfi{Ùj]k SiÞf\ f{e\fjdgalu ijPÙjH dkyÎ svhijH rjySiMk'k t'ln\; ijdcr eßfjdX]\ goeA rHdk'iG ijdcrA t'fksdlÞ\ KSÔCj]k'f\ -pjilcjdsx Ligksm Yed{fjcÝÙ\ ekysa]lgksm KeSulzÙjrkSiÞj vo,nA svÕlR SYegjÌj]kd t'fln\; TfjsRy Ehaluj -pjilcjdX akÝk eyÎSelsh cIuA Tgdxldk'k; clPlgn cAc\FlrÍX rmÙk' .oaj ejmjsØmk]H -pjilcjdxksm .înA SfmhjsrukA .SîUlh\elprsÙukA >lPj]k'k; TÍsr .oaj ejmjsØmk]k'fjrk eyuk' rUluA ekrAd{,j]kA rlSmlmj rm]k' LwelhrÙjrkA KsÞ'k ijCIcj]k' dlgUîafujÓlu\aukA rjhrjh\ejrlukxx cÝp\iUiëuksm Lëjgliëukaln\; eSî ixsg hxjfaluj fs' iUiclujd cÝp\iUiëuln\ dlgUîaaÓlÙfkA LëjgikA t'\ ilpj]lik'fln\; -pjilcjdxksm wJircYÝpluA KOGÐ ijfgnA iØ\ Srl]julH ixsguPjdA Kh\elprîaikA elgjëjfjdaluj LmjÙyukxxfkaln\; (S>l/jhj " 1982 " 10)
dkmjSuMsÙ]kyjØ\ alGzyM\ aJ/\ eyuk'f\@wrcADU iGßri\ KXYeSpCÍsx dlgUaluj >lPjØk; Si}a{zÍX TÓlfluj; eh ëhÍxjhkA wrsÌgkÌA domkfH ir.oaj d{,j.oajul]j; LfkaohakÞlu aÏjsRy plgjYpUA dkyÎ ijxikdX alYfaÓ LiCUPlfk]X dkyÎ PlrUÍX KÞldk'fjrkA dlgnaluj; asÏlhjÌkaohA d{,j]lG rpJakDÍxjH Seluj asÏmkÙ\ d{,j svSÕÞfluj i'k;@ (aJ/\ 1955 "195); ekyÙk rj'kxxigksm cÝG]A aohA ijx coîj]k'fjrkxx elgÝgUgJfjdX r,\maldkdukA ekfju ijxdX coîj]k' cYÝpluA Lyjulsf igkdukA svÕk'fluj aJ/\ voÞj]l}k'k; (196);
Qgk cAc\]lgÙjSh]\ ekfkadX Ty]kafj svÕkSÝlX |sfæjhkA Qgk SaDhujsh alMÍX aMk SaDhdsxukA alMksa'kA LfkiqjukÞldk' YeC\rÍX]\ domj KÙgA dlSnÞfkÞ\ t' ic\fkfukA -gkA vjïjØk dlnk'jÓ; TO cI.lisÙuln\ rlA cAc\]lgÙjsRy -Seîjdf t'k eyuk'f\; Lfluf\ ijCIlcÍxkA Yei{ÙjdxkA cAc\]lgÙjsRy salÙA sixjØÙjhln\ ijCdhrA svSÕÞf\ (aJ/\ 1955 " 13) dÞkejmkÙÍX Ty]kafj svÕkSÝlX YCß -iCUaln\; dlgnA alMA TgkfhaoGØukxx -ukPaln\; dkyØkSeG]\ zknA svÕkSÝlX domkfH SeG]\ Lf\ <lrjdgalSu]lA; LmkÙjsm i' ShDrÙjH dkgjuR TO -CuA ixsg Cíaluj ilpjØk" @cao<ÙjH rm]k' alMÍX Li ixsg svyju clSæfjd dÞkejmkÙÍX akfH ihju ije¸idgalu dÞkejmkÙÍX isg |flulhkA rj,\eîaluj}Ó >lPj]k'f\; vjhG zknS.líl]xldk'k; vjhG TgdxkA; *clÝÙjd ijdcrA* |sfæjhkA cao<ÙjH Ty]kafj svu\fflulhkA flsr egjnajØkÞluflsnæjhkA vjhG]\ zknikA vjhG]\ Spl,ikA svÕk'k; (dkgjuR" 1986"1) SvA>yjrkA TO L.jYeluakÞ\; *ijdcrYeiGÙrÍxkaluj >ásÌ} alMÍxjH LeoGÖaluj alYfaln\ tÓligkA zknÍX Srmk'f\; ihju ijdcr eßfjdxjH wrÍX]kÞldk' LedmclßUf[KÞldkA t'k eyusÌmk' zknÍsx]lX ixsg domkfhln\; -coYfnÍX]\ -iCUA SiÞf\ Tf\ svÕk'iG]\ ark,Ugksm >kßjak}kdsx]kyjØ\ Cgjulu ijhrjGÏuÙjr\ dqjuksa'\ KyÌk igkÙhln\; clPlgnuluj LiG]\ Lf\ LyjulyjÓ; aMicgÍxjH LyjuksaæjhkA aomjsi]k'k; (1985"91)
dkgjuSrl SvA>Syl dlnk'Selsh ijdcrgAzÙk YeiGÙj]k' LPjdlgjdX ic\fkfdsx dlnk'jÓ t'f\ pk"Ddgaln\; LiG TÙgA eßfjdsx gÞk dÕkA rJ}j cIJdgj]k'k; vjh rgiAC Clc\YfôG]\ *ijdcrA* t' epSÙlm\ .uA dhG' QgkfgA -pgilnkxxf\; LiG -pjilcjdX akDUPlgujSh]\ Svgnsa'\ Cíaluj ilpj]k'k; Tf\ LiG]j,\malSnl t'f\ LiG]\ YeC\raÓ; TO vjïuksm Lmjëlr dlgnA rak]j,\msÌmk'f\ -pjilcjdX]kA T,\malinA t' vjïuln\;
clSæfjdf Qgk ëhÙkrj'k asMlgk ëhSÙ]\ alMkSÝlX QgjmÙ\ zkndgalujgk'f\ asMlgjmÙ\ rlCÙjr\ iqjsi]kA t'yjuk'jÓ; tÓl cao<ÍxkA clSæfjdijpU ijdcjÌj]k'fjr\ rjújfalu iqjujH domj SelSdÞfjÓ t'f\ ixsg zkndgalsn'fkSelsh YeSfUd gJfjujhkxx clSæfjd ijpU ijdcj]k'f\ - rl}jsh wrÍxksm -iCUdf LrkcgjØln\ t'kA QlGÑj]k'f\ rÓfln\; rlA T'\ dlnk' ijPÙjhkxx clSæfjdfuksm ixsg hxjfalu Ty]kafj .ogjeîA LicgÍxjhkA SulwjØkSeldk'jÓ; SElc\MG dkÝclgj]k'k" @-pUA BÍX ijvlgjØf\ clSæfjdijpUuksm Ty]kafj ixsg hxjfalu YeiGÙralsn'ln\; Lfluf\ -sd SiÞf\ wrÍX]\ clSæfjdfukaluj >ásÌ} Clc\YfJuikA YelSulzjdikalu KÙgÍX sdlmk]kd t'fln\; eSî Lf\ ijvlgjØfjhkA cæJGÏaln\; Lfluf\ hxjfalu YeSulzClc\YfÙjsRySelsh clAc\]lgjdalu[ ssrfjdalu aohUÍxkSmflu fhÍxkA LfjrkÞ\; clSæfjdfuksm alYfA ijdcrA t' epA fs' sfMjßgjÌj]k'fln\; QlSgl clSæfjd ijpUuksmukA .Ofjd ic\fk]xksmukA alMÙjrk calralujfs' caJerÍxjH[ vjïdxjH[ aohUÍxjH segkalMÙjH alMakÞldk'k; .Ofjdalu ic\fk]xjH KÞldk' alMSÙlmrk>ájØkÞldk' .OfjSdfgalu alMÍX -qA domjufln\; ehSÌlqkA Li dlnlfjgj]kdSul Liznj]kdSul svÕk'k; .OfjdaluSfl clao<UaluSfl -u ekSglzarAsdlÞ\ KSÔCj]k'f\ Lf\ aM\ SaDhdxjH KÞl]ju rlCA tYf dkyiln\ t'k domj Srl]juj}ln\; (1973%4)
clSæfjdijpU alYfaÓ[ ekfju ijÙkdX[ .îneplGöÍX[ a{zÍX t'jiuksm Ty]kafjukA[ akRdo}j dlnlRSelhkalilÙYf -qÙjhkxx YeC\rÍX c{,\mj]k'k; SElc\MG Cgjuluj fs' rjgJîj]k'k" @wrÍsx alMlR c<luj]k'fjrkxx ssrfjdalu LG<f Srmk'fjr\ PGÑYevlgdgksmfjrk fkhUalu rjhujhkxx YCßukA[ îaukA Kf\cl<ikA -iCUaln\; TfjsRy LGöA ijdcrA rmÌl]k' -X wrÍX]\ SiÞj eßfj fÕlyl]kduÓ[ wrÍsx cIïA YeC\rÍX]kxx uFlGö KÙgA arc³jhl]lR YeiGÙjÌj]lrln\ YCajS]Þf\;@ (Lmjig ShDdsRy) (1973 "254); TÍsr svÕk' ijdcrYeiGÙdgjsÓ'\ eyulik'fln\;
tïjrln\ ijdcrA#
S>l/jhjuksm ilpÙjH aj]ilykA tÓl YeSpCÍxjshukA ziNsaRyjsRy YelFajd KSÔCA Ligksm LPJrfujhkxx .oajuksm dlgUîaalu vo,naln\; akÝ\ vjh glwUÍxjhkÞluSelsh TSÌlX TiG -.lcdgalu gJfjujH iGzÿÍsx Kr\aohrlCA igkÙkduÓ svÕk'f\; tæjhkA 150 iG,ÍX]\ akÝ\ iUiclujd CíjdX eg]lR fkmÍjuSÌlqkÞlu LSf aSrl.liA TSÌlqkA alMajÓlsf rjH]k'k; (1982) ijdcreßfj]lgksm -pjilcj cao<Ísx]kyjØkxx cIcAc\dlg SdYòJd{falu iUlDUlrÍX ckh.aln\; S>l/jhjuksm L.jYeluÙjH cAc\d{fjuksmukA iUicluiH]gnÙjsRyukA Kh\e'Íxlu e}jnj[ LrlSglzUA[ plgjYpUA t'ji -pjilcj cao<ÍX]kÞ\ t' sfMjßlgnuln\ TfjrkdlgnA; cIuA egUle¹glu -pjilcjdX Qgj]hkA Lijdcjf ij.lzÍxjHsemk'jÓ; plgjYpUA t' -CuA rjhrjh´j'kSiÞ cÝp\iUië LrkiGÙj]k' -pjilcjdxksm TmujH LYecíalsn'kA rlA Tijsm iUíalS]ÞfkÞ\; (1982"11) ijdcrYeiGÙdG Qgk YeSfUd ëhsÙ wrÍxksm Lië alMlR YCaj]k'f\ LiG]\ Sel,dl<lg]kyi\[ plgjYpUA[ -SglzUdkyi\ t'ji Ligksm cÝp\iUiëaohalsn'k PgjØj}ln\; cÝ'alu Yed{fj ij.iÍX]jmujH dqjuk'iG Lf\ vo,nA svÕlfjgj]k'f\ a_uÙgalsn'\ ijdcrYeiGÙdG Pgj]k'k; Tfjrk dlgnA clSæfjdfuksm dkyilsn'\ ijdcr YeiGÙG *dsÞÙk'k*; alYfaÓ LhÎk fjgjuk' LwelhrA[ ekrAd{,j[ Qgk .oij.lzA dÙj]k'f\ t'ji egjëjfjrlCA KÞl]ksa'\ ijCIcj]k'k; t'lH Tfjrk ijegJfaluj TÍsr dÙj]k'f\ egjëjfjuksm Kh´lprîaf do}lR c<luj]ksa'\ dsÞÙjujgj]k'k; TÍsr dÙj]kSÝlX aÏjsRy ix]oy\ iGßjÌj]k'k[ QO,PccUÍxksm ixGØ do}k'fjrkA c<luj]k'k; dYfj]H akSDr dkMjsØmjdxksmukA agÍxksmukA ixGØ domk'k; Tf\ Si}a{zÍxksm .înÙjsRy LxikA Sel,dzknÍxkA iGßjÌj]k'k; Si}a{zÍxksm tÏA ao'k akfH |qk amÍkisg iGßjÌj]k'k; a{zÍxksm -SglzUikA Kh´lprîafukA iGßjÌj]k'k; TÍsr Tm]jsm dÙj]k'fkaohA vlÝhkdX dkajÎ\ domk'f\ dkyukdukA dl}kfJ ijgxaldkdukA svÕk'k; Yed{fjcÝÙ\ SiÞkAiÏA vo,nA svSÕÞsfÍsruln\ t'\ -pjilcjdX]\ LyjujÓ t'\ eyuk'iG Lmjuïjgaluj Qgk -åegjSClPr rmSÙÞfln\; -pjilcjdSxl d{,j]lSgl aJR ejmkÙ]lSgl SiÞSelsh Yed{fjsu Lyjuk'jsÓ'kA Yed{fjsu vo,nA svÕlR Ligksm clSæfjdf Lrkipj]k'jsÓ'kakxx ilpÍX]\ ulsflgk Clc\YfJufukajÓ; -pjilcjdX dkyØkalYfA Yed{fjij.iÍX vo,nA svÕk'iglsnæjhkA vkMkakxx Yed{fjsu]kyjØ\ -qÙjhkxxfkA YelSulzjdalufkalu Lyjikxxiglsn'\ PlglxA sfxjikdX dlnj]k'k; (S>l/jhj 1985"48)
dlr/uksm KX.lzÙkxx TR/U]lG t}\ gJfjujhkxx efjao'\ fgA aÎjsr fjgjØyjuk'k; TO Lyji\ KyÎ fmldÍxksmukA rpjdxksmukA KegjfhÙjhkxx Ligksm cùlgsÙ c<luj]k'k; ajRS/lyl pIJejhkxx <rkroiACwG (EjhjssÌRc\) aÏjsRy 10 fgÍxkA 30 Lilïg ij.lzÍxkA fjgjØyjuk'k; 450 fgA a{zÍxkA[ 1600 hPjdA svmjdX LiujH 400 QlxA ccUClc\YfôG]\ LyjulÙf\ -pjilcjdX]yjulA; rjhrjh´jrlukxx cÝp\iUiëujH wJij]k'iG]\ rÑksm c\]oX e_jÌjsRy -iCUdf TÓ; ëler ijpUl.UlcajÓlu±ukA tqkÙjsRy L.liikA ijpUl.UlcajÓlÙfluj sfMjßgj]gkf\; Qgk cao<Ùjr\ LfjsRy frflu cYÝpluÍxkeSulzjØ\ Yed{fjcÝÙ\ KeSulzj]lR dqjuk'k t'fln\ ijpUl.UlcÙjsRy sfxjilS]Þf\;
-pjilcj ijdcr YeiGÙdglu rgiACClc\YfôG]\ arc³jhluf\ TO YeiGÙrÍX ehfkA sfMjßlgndsx Lmjëlral]jukxxfln\ t'ln\; TfjsRy Sr}ÍxkA r,\mÍxkA ixsg dkyØk alYfSa vjïjØj}kxxk; SvA>G (1985%91) eyÎfkSelsh r,\mÍX ehfkA LyjuksaæjhkA ekyÙkij}jgk'jÓ; ijdcrYeiGÙrÍX -pUA sfMjulhkA ejs' Cgjul]lA t' gJfjujH eMk'iuÓ; sfM\ ejs' Cgjul]lR eMjÓ; dlgnA rlA Tmsemk'f\ ark,Ugkaluln\; Lsswi eplGöÍxkaluÓ; ijdcr eßfj]lgksm cl<cÍX aohA d,\msÌmk'isg *ekSglzfjuksm TgdX* (S>l/jhj 1983) *ijdcrÙjsRy TgdX* (SvA>G 1985%90) *clÝÙjd alMÍxksm TgdX* (dkgjuR 1986) t'jÍsr eh gJfjujhkA iUi<gj]k'kÞ\; eßfjdX -pjilcjdsx Tgdxl]j alMk'ksi'\ LmkÙjsm YecjßJdgj]k' eh rgiAC Clc\YfShDrÍxkA stdUdSn\_r cÑfj]k'kÞ\; TO còG.ÙjH rgiACClc\YfôG svSÕÞsfïln\# -pjilcj cao<ÍsxukA rjhrjh´jrkxx cÝp\iUiëSuukA eMjukxx Cgjulu Lyji\ ijdcr eßfj]lgksm vjïdxjH vhrA c{,\mj]ksa'k alYfaÓ clao<U clAc\]lgjd Lië dn]jshmk]lsfukxx ijdcrA -iCUalSnl t' SvlpUÙjSh]kA iqj sfxjuj]kA;
