-pUsÙ ij.lzaln\ zkgkfIldG,nCd\fj; Tsflgk clGÖhOdjdCd\fjuln\; Lfluf\ QlSgl LnkijrkA LfjsRy ejéA LFil KOGÐÙjsRy SflfrkcgjØ\ zkgkfIldG,nCd\fj Lrk.isÌmk'k; rlhk Cd\fjdxjH |MikA >hA dkyÎf\[ LfkA ihju iUfUlcÙjH[ zkgkfIldG,nCd\fjuln\; LYfukA >h<Jralu Lfjsr rlA YCßj]k'f\ LfjsRy gÞk cijSC,fdXsdlÞln\" LfjsRy Ye.liA LfjijpogfujSh]\ rJxk'k t'fkA Lf\ tÓlu\SÌlqkA -dG,nCd\fjuln\ t'fkA; TfjrGöA[ cogUrkA .oajukA Selhkxx ihju SzlxÍxjsh QlSgl svyju dnjddX fÑjhkxx >h<Jralu zkgkfldG,nCd\fjdX domjSØG'\ >hiÙlu Qgk Cd\fjuluj fJglsa'fln\; aM\ ao'\ Cd\fjdX[ Q'kdjH svyju pogA iUle\fjukxxSfl LsÓæjH vjhSÌlX -dG,nikA aM\ vjhSÌlX ijdG,nikalik'Sfl -n\; LfjrlH Li egc\egA TÓlflilrkxx clPUfukÞ\; KOGÐdn>hfYïÙjsRy gJfjujH zkgkfIldG,nCd\fjsu dlnkdulsnæjH[ gÞk YpiU dnjddX fÑjhkxx >hA 2 vYdnakxx YzlijSMlN t' dnjd i<j]k'fluln\ ij.lirA svÕk'f\; Tfjr\ LfjSðflu ejéajÓ t'fjrlH LfjsRy Cd\fj]\ ijpogalu iUle\fjukÞ\; cogUrkA .oajukA fÑjhkxx zkgkfIldG,nCd\fj TO gÞ\ SzlxÍxjhmÍju dnjddsxÓlA fÑjH YzlijSMlnkdX ssdalyk'fkaohalsn'ln\ dgkfsÌmk'f\; ssdalMsÌmk' dnjddX alujdalsnæjH Li znUalu Ye.liA c{,\mj]k'kÞ\; Li .oajsu cogUrk vkMkA dy]k'k uFlGö YzlijSMlN t'f\ d¸lcj]H .OfjaClc\YfôRalG eyuk' Selsh zkgkfIldG,nfgAzÍxln\; t'lH Li ixsg pkG×hrkA dÞkejmj]lR Lfjpk,\dgikalufjrlH Tfkisg dsÞÙlR clPjØj}jÓ;
LmkÙ ij.lzaln\ ssipUkfdlïCd\fj; Tf\ Thd\SYmlnkdxkA dlG]kdxkA Selhkxx ssipUkfvlGÐkxx dnjddxkaluj YefjYeiGÙj]k'k; t'lH[ YzlijSMlN Selhkxx vlGwjÓlÙiukaluj YefjYeiGÙj]k'kajÓ; Tf\ zkgkfIldG,nCd\fjSu]lX ixsguPjdA Cd\fj domjufln\" gÞ\ Thd\SYmlnkdX fÑjhkxx ssipUkfdlïCd\fj[ zkgkfIldG,nCd\fjSu]lX Sdlmj Sdlmj Sdlmj Sdlmj (Q'jrkSC,A 42 eowUA) amÍ\ Cd\fjdomjufln\; esî ssipUkf vlGÐ\ gÞk fgakÞ\[ PrikA WnikA; gÞ\ PrvlGÐkdX fÑjhkxx Cd\fj ijdG,naln\; gÞk Wn vlGÐkdX fÑjhkxx Cd\fjukA LfkSelshfs'; esî Qgk PrvlGÐkA WnvlGÐkA fÑjhkxx Cd\fj -dG,naln\; .oajsuSÌlshSul cogUsrSÌlshSul Kxx Qgk ihju ic\fkijH |flÞ\ fkhU tÏA Pr Wn vlGÐkdX KÞlujgj]kA; LÍsr QlSglSgl dnjdukSmukA Pr Wn vlGÐkdX aj]ilykA egc\egA TÓlflik'fjrlH ixsg svyju ajØssipUkfdlïCd\fjsu KÞlikdukxxo; tæjhkA[ Lnk]xkSmukA fêlYfdxkSmukA Selsh coî\a fhÙjH ssipUkfdlïCd\fj LPJCfIA ekhGÙk'k; WnvlGÐkxx Thd\SYmlnkdxkA Pr vlGÐkxx SYelS}lnkA fÑjhkxx ssipUkfdlï -dG,n Cd\fj[ zkgkfIldG,n Cd\fj .oajsu cogUrk vkMkA Y.anA svÕj]k'fkSelsh[ Thd\SYmlnkdsx LnkSdYòÙjrk vkMkA dy]k'k; TO ssipUkfdlï -dG,nA SElS}lN t'k ijxj]k' ejég<jfalu 1 vYdnakxx rjgiPj alujd dnjddxksm ssdalMA aohalsn'ln\ ij.lirA svÕsÌmk'f\; iJÞkA[ ssdalMA svÕsÌmk' SElS}lnkdX alujd dnjddX alYfaln\; t'lH[ Qgk Thd\SYmlN Lfjrrkipj]sÌ} Y.aneFÙjH rj'kA LnkSdYòÙjr\ domkfH LmkÙkxx asMlgk eFÙjSh]\ alykSÝlX KOGÐikA[ LÍsr Qgk uFlGö SElS}lnkA ekyÙkijmsÌmk'k; Tf\ Cgjulu fgAzsspGZUÙjhlsnæjH ark,U SrYfÍX sdlÞkfs' dlnlik' YedlCaluj rjgJîj]lik'fln\[ LfsÓæjH SElS}lYzlEjd\ EjhjA Selhkxx SElS}lN /jMd\mG KeSulzjØ\ dlnlik'fln\; LSfSelshfs' Qgk uFlGö SElS}lN Qgk Lnkikaluj do}jak}kdulsnæjH Lf\ Qgk Thd\SYmlnjsr LfjsRy Y.aneFÙjHrj'kA LnkSdYòÙjH rj'\ domkfH Ldshukxx Y.aneFÙjSh]\ alMk'k; Tf\ SElS}lnjsRy KOGÐA KeSulzjØ\ fJG]k'k; LfjrlH Lf\ -zjgnA svÕsÌmk'k;
ao'lasÙ ij.lzÙjhkxxfjsr pkG×h LnkCd\fj (weak nuclear force) t'k ijxj]k'k; Sy/jSul -d\mJif]\ dlgnalu Tf\[ 1&2 vYdnakxx tÓl YpiU dnjddxjhkA YeiGÙj]kdukA 0[1[2 vYdnÍxkxx SElS}lN[ YzlijSMlN Selhkxx dnjddxjH YeiGÙj]lfjgj]kdukA svÕk'k; 1967H hÞrjsh TAeJgjuH SdlSxwjsh L>\pkchlakA <lGil/jsh c\MJiR iJR>GzÿkA[ Lfjr\ royksdlÓA akÝ\ ald\c\siH ssipUkfjSuukA dlïCd\fjSuukA |SdlejØ Selsh[ TO YefjYeiGÙrA ssipUkfdlï Cd\fjukaluj |SdlejØk sdlÞkxx cjßlïÍX akS'l}\ si]k'fkisg pkG×h LnkCd\fjsuÌMj Cgjuluj arc³jhl]sÌ}jgk'jÓ; SElS}lnjrk ekySa pkG×h LnkCd\fj i<j]k' alcji\ sid\mG S>lcnkdX t'k do}SÙlsm ijxj]k' aM\ ao'\ 1 vYdnÍxkxx dnjddxksÞ'k LiG rjGSÔCjØk; Tisu />¸juk+[ />¸juk%[ sc/\0 t'jÍsr ijxj]k'k; TiS]lSgl'jrkA |dSpCA 100GEV (wJi\ t'f\ zjzl Thd\SYmlN SilX}\ LFil roy\ Sdlmj Thd\SYmlN SilX}\) ejéakÞ\; ijR>Gzÿ\%chlA cjßlïA cIfc\EoGÙ caajfj.B\wrA ts'lgk cI.liijSC,A ekyÙksdlÞk i'k; TfjrGöA[ flq\' KOGÐÙjH fJGÙkA iUfUc\falu eh dnjddxluj Sfl'k'isuÓlA ilc\fiÙjH QSg dnjduksm iUfUc\f Lic\F alYfalsn'ln\; KuG' KOGÐÙjH TisuÓlA QSg cI.lialn\ YedmjÌj]k'f\; Tf\ |flÞ\ Qgk yohM\ vYdÙjsh eï\ Selshuln\; KuG' KOGÐÙjH (vYdA LfjSizA dy]kSÝlX) eïjsRy Yei{Ùj akDUalukA Q'\ alYfaln\% Lf\ vkMkA dyÍjs]lÞjgj]k'k; esî vYdA cliPlrÙjhlikSÝlX eïjsRy KOGÐA dkyukdukA[ QmkijH[ Lf\ vYdÙjsh akÌÙjSuq\ dkqjdxjshl'jH iJqkdukA svÕk'k; asMlgk ijPÙjH eyÎlH[ flq\' KOGÐÙjH eïjr\ akÌÙjSuq\ iUfUc\f Lic\FujH ëjfjsvÕlrlikA; Trj tsïæjhkA dlgniClH rak]\ flq\' KOGÐrjhujH alYfSa eï\ iJîj]lrlik'kxxksiæjH rlA akÌÙjSuq\ iUfUc\f fgÙjhkxx eïkdxksÞ'\ dgkfjsu'kA igkA;
iJR>Gzÿ\% chlA cjßlïÙjH 100 wJi\Su]lX ixsg KuG' KOGÐrjhujH TO ekfju ao'k dnjddxkA SElS}lnkA QSg cI.liA YedmjÌj]k'k; esî[ aj] clPlgn Liëdxjhkakxx flq\' KOGÐÙjH TO caajfj .B\wj]sÌmkA; />¸juk+[ />¸juk[ sc/\0 t'ji ejéA -GÐj]kdukA Li i<j]k' >hÙjsRy egjPj ixsg vkgkÍkdukA svÕkA; chlakA ijR>GzÿkA Ligksm TO cjßlïA akS'l}\ siØSÌlX -gkA Lf\ ijCIcjØjÓ; dnjdlfIgnjuYïÍX]k />¸juk+[ />¸juk[ sc/\0 t'ji c{,\mj]kilR SiÞ 100 wJi\]\ akdxjhkxx KOGÐA Kh\elpjÌj]kilrkxx Cd\fjukÞlujgk'fkajÓ; t'jgk'lhkA[ LmkÙ eÙ\ iG,]lhÙjrjmu\]kxx egJîn EhÍX cjßlïÙjsRy flq\' KOGÐ rjhsu cA>ájØ aMk YeivrÍxkaluj ixsguPjdA QÙki'fjrlH 1979 H chlajrkA ijR>GzÿjrkA[ QÌA ssiipUkfdlïCd\fjukA pkG×h LnkCd\fjukA domj |SdlejØ\ cp{Calu cjßlïA rjGSÔCjØ <lGilG/jshÙs'ukxx s,H/N z¸lS,lijrkA .OfjdClc\YfÙjrkxx Srl>H cÑlrA h.jØk; 1983H CERN (European Centre for Nuclear Research) H SElS}lnjsRy ao'\ ejéldlgalu eælxjdsx[ Liuksm Yeivj]sÌ} d{fUalu ejéikA aM\ cijSC,fdxkam]A dÞkejmjØf\ Srl>H cajfjsu Qgk L>ßÙjsRy rlnS]mjH rj'\ gîsÌmkÙj; TO dÞkejmkÙA rmÙju LSrdCfA Clc\Yfw\Bgksm cAZsÙ rujØ dlGShl yk×juu\]kA TfjrkeSulzjØ YefjYpiU cA.gn cAijPlrA ijdcjÌjsØmkÙ sscaN ilR s/GaJG t' scGrjshÙs'ukxx tùjrJuG]kA 1984H Srl>H cÑlrA h.jØk; (T]lhÙ\[ rlA akSÝ fs' |MikA akReïjujhsÓæjH egJînlåd .OfjdClc\YfÙjH YCSßualu Qgk iUíjakYp efjÌj]kd ixsg pk,\]galn\);
rlhlasÙ ij.lzaln\ >hj,\_ LnkCd\fj; Tf\ SYelS}lnjShukA rUoSYmlnjShukA dlG]kdSxukA >ájÌjØk rjGÙk'k; ekysa[ LnkSdYòÙjsh SYelS}lnkdSxukA rUoSYmlnkdSxukA >ájÌjØk rjGÙk'k; z¸oSilN t'\ eyuk' 1 vYdnakxx asMlgk dnjduln\ TO Cd\fj i<j]k'f\ t'ln\ dgkfsÌmk'f\; Tf\ cIuikA aMk dlG]kdxkalukA alYfSa YefjYeiGÙj]kdukxxo; >hj,\_ LnkCd\fj]\ ijvjYfalu >árlië ts'lgk cI.li ijSC,akÞ\; Tf\ tÓlu\SÌlqkA dnjddsx Qgk iGÏg<jf cASulzaluj >ájÌjØk rjGÙk'k; Qgk dlG]jsr QM]luj Qgj]hkA dlnkdujÓ; dlgnA[ Lfjsrlgk rjyakÞ\ (vkiÌ\[ eØ[ LsÓæjH rJh); edgA Qgk vkiÌ\ dlG]\ eØukA rJhukA dlG]kdxkaluj z¸oSilnjsRy Qgk vgm\ sdlÞ\ >ájÌjØjgj]kA;
(vkiÌ\ + eØ + rJh = sixx) TÙgA Qgk ak]o}mÍjufln\ Qgk SYelS}lN LsÓæjH Qgk rUoSYmlN; asMlgk clPUf Qgk dlG]kA YefjdlG]kA SvG' Qgk Swl/juln\; (vkiÌ\ + YefjvkiÌ\[ eØ +Yefj eØ[ rJh + YefjrJh = sixx) TÙgA do}kdsxuln\ saSclN t'keyuk'f\; Ti Lc\FjgÍxln\[ dlgnA[ dlG]kA YefjdlG]kA egc\egA yÔluj Thd\SYmlnkdxkA aMk dnjddxkalik'k; LfkSelshÙs' >árlië z¸oSilnjsr QM]\ dj}lrkA fmc³alik'k; dlgnA z¸oSilnjrkA rjyakÞ\; edgA rjysaÓlA SvG'\ sixxulik' ijPÙjhkxx z¸oSilnkdxksm Qgk SCDgA alYfSa h.j]kdukxxo; LÙgsalgk SCDgaln\ z¸oS>lX t' Lc\Fjgdnjdulik'f\;
>árlië t' cI.liijSC,A QMsÌ} dlG]jSrSul z¸oSilnjSrSul dlnlR fmc³aldk'k t' ic\fkf dlG]\ z¸oSilN dnjddX t' -CuA fs' siykA flfIjdA alYfalsn'\ Sfl'jÌjSØ]lA; t'lH[ >hj,\_ LnkCd\fj]\ dlG]\[ z¸oSilN dnjddX t' -CuA d{fUalsn'\ ëlej]k' LcjAe\Smlmjd\ cIlfYïUA t' asMlgk cijSC,fukÞ\; clPlgn KOGÐÙjH >hj,\_ LnkCd\fj fjdØkA Cd\fA fs'uln\; Lfk dlG]kdsx akyksd >ájÌjØk rjGÙk'k; t'lH ihju dnjdlfIgnuYïÍxkeSulzjØkxx egJînÍX KuG' KOGÐÙjH >hj,\_ Cd\fj ixsg pkG×haliksa'kA dlG]kdxkA z¸oSilnkdxkA |flÞ\ cIfYï dnjddsxSÌlsh segkalyksa'kA covjÌj]k'k; vjYfA 5;2 H KuG' KOGÐÙjhkxx SYelS}lnkA YefjSYelS}lnkA fÑjhkxx cAZG,nÙjsRy SElS}l dlnjØjgj]k'k; aj]ilykA cIfYïalu rjgiPj dlG]kdX KÞlikdukA Li YePlgdX Selhkxx elfdX c{,\mj]kdukA svÕk'k;
