vgjYfcfUÍsx iSgnUiGzÿÙjrk SiÞj ixsØlmj]kd vgjYflfJf dlhA akfSh KÒfln\; t'lH Lf\ |MkelmlR ijPj]sÌ} <f.lzUgln\ SdgxÙjsh (TïUujShukA) ej'l]%pxjf\ ij.lzÙjHsÌ}iG; -PkrjdukzÙjsh wrlPjefUgJfjdX isg glwl]êlgkSmukA ciGÏlPjefjdxkSmukA plralsn'k isg TO vgjYfdlgêlglH gvj]sÌ}jgj]k'k; TfjrkSiÞj gíA vjïju LmjulxêlgksmukA LmjaiGzÿÙjsRyukA cagiJgUA arÌoGÖA fac\dgj]k'k; fjgkijflAdoG glw.gnlPjdlgjdX rjGÙhl]ju Legj,\d{f -vlgÍxkSmukA wJijf gJfjdxkSmukA SegjH fjgkijflAdoG .gnlPjdlgjdsx ilSrlxA ekdq\Ùlrln\ T'kA rÑksm ahulx alPUaÍX YCaj]k'f\; domlsf fjgkijflAdoyjH cG]lG ëlejØ eh ëlerÍxkA Lns]}kdxkA tïjr\ sd;tc\;-G;mj;cj isg fjgkijflAdoG glwl]êlgksm .gnSr}ÍxjH KXsÌmkÙkSÝlqkA: TO Sr}ÍX]k ej'jH QxjÎjgj]k' Y>j}J,\ .gnlPjdlgjdxksm SegkdX TO iSgnUiGzÿ vgjYfSgDdxjH SvG]lsf igk'f\ ar"eoGÖasÓæjH ejs' tïln\#
vl'lG Yc¹JdX]\ alykayu\]lR LrkilpA sdlmkÙfjrkA glw.gnÙjsRy Kplgarc³jsr ilq\Ùk'k; t'lH TO LidlCÙjrkSiÞj vl'lG Yc¹JdX rmÙju stfj<lcjd cagSÙukA Lfjsr cG]lG e}lx]lG LfjYdogaluj Srgj}fkA T]o}G ijc±gj]k'k; Qgk wrdJu LidlC cagsÙ @vl'lG h<x@ t' SegjH ijxj]lrln\ TO vgjYfdlgêlG]\ arc³ki'f\; t'j}kA 1859 wossh 26r\ ekysÌmkijØ glwijxA>gÙjH @SaHwlfj]lgkSmfk SelhsÙ iYc¹PlgnA elmjÓ@ t' rj>ár YeSfUdA SvG]lR TO pulilñhUG ay'jÓ; TO ijxA>gÙjhosm vl'lG Yc¹JdX]\ alYfSa SaHakÞk Pgj]kilrkÒ LidlCA dj}jujgk'kÒo; ejs'ukA iG,ÍX dlÙjgjS]Þji'k; Lfluf\ 1915sh segjrlm\ cIlfYïU cagÙjhosm alYfaln\ LujÙ wlfj]lglu aMk Yc¹JdX]\ alykayu\]lrkÒ LidlCA dj}juf\;
alykayu\]lrkÒ LidlCÙjrkSiÞj vl'lG Yc¹JdX rmÙju cagdlhZ}Ùjsh fjgkijflAdoyjsh flq\' wlfj]lgksm wJijfgJfjdX egjSClPj]k'f\[ glw.gnÙjsRy @ijClharc³jsr@ LmkÙyjulR clPj]kA; Y>l<\an Yc¹JdX]kA îYfju Yc¹JdX]kaÓlsf asMlgk wlfjdxjhkAse} Yc¹JdX alykayØkdoml; rluG Yc¹JdX]kA >lPdalujgk'k TO rj>ár; Sahlxêlgksm akÝjH -sgæjhkA Lgu\]k akdxjH fknjuj}k sv'lH aly\ SVpjØkdxukA; Y>j}J,\ .gn YeSpCÙkrj'kA -MjÍH ylnjsu dlnlsrÙju Qgk Yc¹J alykayØjgk'k t' dkMÙjsRy SegjH Ligksm c¹rÍX akyjØkdxulR Yc¹JiGzÿÙjHsÌ} ylnj KÙgijy]kdukA Ligksm c¹rÍX akyjØkalMsÌmkdukA svu¹k; flq\' wlfj]lglu Yc¹JdX dkm vomj]oml[ elpgî PgjØkdoml[ cIGÏl.gnanjÎkdoml[ TxjujH dkmA iØ\ siÒA vka'kdoml[ eCkijsRy elH dy'kdoml[ KØlgnCkßjujH cAclgjØkdoml[ svÕk' Swlhj]\ dohjujÓ[ dÓkalhsu Pgj]lio t'kSiÞ Sd}lH ao]Ùk ijgHiØk Seldk' YeiGÙjdxlujgk'k fjgkijflAdoG glw.gnÙjH rmalmjujgk'f\; fh]gA[ akh]gA[ SaHaJC]gA fkmÍj sfl}fjrkA ejmjØfjrkA isg dgA icohl]j KÞkA KyÍjukA ckDjØjgk' glwilq\vuksm dFdX tÓlA fs' Ligksm selfkwrScir fh´gfu\]kSaH ijgH voÞk'fln\;
LmjaiUlelgikA glwl]êlgkSmukA iSgnUiGzÿÙjsRyukA pulplîjnUaluj dn]l]k'k; 1792hln\ Y>j}J,\ TïUujH LmjaiUlelgA rjSglPj]k'f\; ejs'ukA 20 iG,ÍX dqjÎ\ 1812hln\ fjgkijflAdoyjh ylnj hî±j.luj LmjaiUlelgA rjSglPj]k'f\; 1843H Y>j}J,\ TïUl ziNsaRy\ -d¶\ YedlgA ah>lyjH Lmja cYÝpluA rjSglPjØk; 1812H LmjaiUlelgA fjgkijflAdoyjH QOSpUlzjdaluj rjSglPjØksdlÞ\ ziNsaRy\ ijxA>gA rmÙjsuæjhkA 1862 isg eyuG[ ekhuG fkmÍjuisg LmjadxlujÙs' rjhrjGÙjSÌl'jgk'k; 1853hln\ LmjadX]\ ejy]k' dk}jdX cIfYïgl]sÌ}f\; eSî 1869H alYfaln\ LmjuR[ LmjuÍX fkmÍju il]kdX cG]lG SgDdxjH rj'kA YealnÍxjH rj'kA rJ]A svÕsÌ}f\;
LmjaÙ rjSglPrÙjrk SiÞj TïUR rl}kglwl]êlG]\ sixjÌlm\ KÞldlR Tmul]ju cl<vgUA tïln\# LmjaÙÙjsrfjsg YelSpCjdaluj KuG'ki' cagÍxkA uoSylÌjhkA LSagj]ujhkA KÞlu LmjaÙ ijgkß YeSîl.nÙlH KuG'ki' TïUujsh Ydjc¹UR aj,nyjalgksm caSulvjfalu TmsemhkdxkA (Y>j}J,\ glôj akSDr) QÌA Y>j}J,\ TïUuksm cÑGÔÍxkaln\ ylnj hî±j.lujsus]lÞ\ LmjaÙ rjSglPrÙjH QÌkiu´j]lR SYegjÌjØf\;
LfkSelsh fs'ukÒ asMlgk ckYePlr ijxA>galujgk'k ejH]lhÙ\ fjgkijflAdoG cG]lgjsRy alèldlG} t'yjusÌ} SîYfYeSiCr ijxA>gA; ssi]A cfUlYz<alnSÓl SîYfYeSiCrÙjShu\]\ tÙjØf\ (t'ln\ ciGÏvgjYfdlgêlG eyuk'f\); siykA SîYfYeSiCrÙjrk SiÞjulujgkS'l mj;sd alPisrSÌlshukÒ Qgk wrdJu Srfli\ ixsg cwJialuj TO cagÙjH esæmkÙf\; TOqisg cA>ájØjmSÙlxA cIïaluj rjgiPj SîYfÍX YCJrlglun zkgk fs' rjGÑjØ\ cIuA Yefj,\_ rmÙj rHdjujgk'k; LfksdlÞkfs'uln\ cfUlYz<eïH Qgk pjicA alYfA còGCj]kdukA 1000goe cA.lir rHdkdukA siÓoG a_A cIlzfcAZÙjrluj ij}ksdlmk]kdukA svu¹fÓlsf ej'J cfUlYz<Ùjr\ YefUîSal eSglîSal -u ulsflgk c<luikA YCJrlglunzkgkikA tc\;tR;/j;ej Srf{fIikA svu¹jgk'jÓ; dlgnA Lisg cA>ájØjmSÙlxA ssi]A cfUlYz<Ùjr\ LYfSaH dlgUYecíjSu KÞlujgk'kÒk; SîYfiqjujhosm LujÙwlfj]lG]\ rm]kilrkÒ LidlCÙjrk SiÞjulujgk'k ssi]A cfUlYz<sa'kA eyuk'igkÞ\; TfjH tsïæjhkA ulFlGöUakSÞl t'yjunsaæjH - dlhZ}ÙjH rm' vjh cA.iÍxjhosm Q'\ dSÏlmj]lA; 1924 alGØ\ 30rln\ YCJ; mj;sd alPisRy Srf{fIÙjH cfUlYz<A -gA.jØf\; t'lH 1920 H TSf cagrludR YCJ; mj;sd alPiR TSf ssi]A SîYfÙjsRy rjSglPj]sÌ} iqjujhosm QMu\]\ rm]kdukÞluj; ej'Jm\ cfUi{fR[ LÕÌR[ sd;sd alPiR fkmÍjuiSglsmlÌikA mj;sd alPiR ssi]A SîYfegjcgsÙ iqjdxjH ëlejØjgk' fJÞHehddX ayjdm'k selujgk'k; t'lH |sfæjhkA ciGÏG LSÔ<sÙSul LSÔ<ÙjsRy c<YeiGÙdSgSul fmÎjÓ t'fln\ cfUA; LÍsrukÒ cl<vgUÙjH YCJ; mj;sd alPisrSÌlhkÒ Qgk Srfli\ siykA SîYfYeSiCrÙjrkA iqjrm]kilrkÒ cIlfYïUÙjrkSiÞj alYfalujgkS'l ssi]A cfUlYz<A cAZmjÌjØf\#
ssi]A cfUlYz<A ark,UlidlCÙjrkA LßIlrj]k' dJqlxgksm LidlCÍsx rjS,Pj]k' ciGÏ SaPlijfIÙjrkA Lisg cAgîjØksdlÞjgj]k' fjgkijflAdoG .gnÙjrkA tfjglu cagalujgk'k; dl]jrl/ujH iØ\ rm' SdlNYzc³\ cSÑxrÙjH iØ\ YCJ; mj;sd alPirln\ zlájwjsus]lÞ\ @LujSÙlØlmrA@ SdlNYzc³jsRy Qgk egjelmjuluj LAzJdgjÌjØf\; LfjrkSC,A 1924 wrkigjujH tynldkxÙk iØk SvG' SdlNYzc³\ SulzA LujSÙlØlmrÙjrluj mj;sd alPiR[ SdxÌR[ CægR rÝofjgjÌlm\[ mj;-G d{,²cIlaj LÕG[ dÏSïlmÙk SihlukPSaSrlR fkmÍjiusg fjgsÎmkÙf\; TfjsRy YevgnÙjrluj sd;ej SdCiSaSrlR[ t;sd ejÒ[ dkyoG rJhdn\_R rÝofjgjÌlm\ t'jisg fjgsÎmkÙk; LfjR YedlgA 1924 sEY>kigj 29H YCJ; sd;ej SdCiSaSrlsRy Srf{fIÙjH rm' Qgk cSÑxrÙjH iØ\ LÕlujgSÙlxA -xkdX Q'mæA rlsxÙs' ssi]A SîYfÙjsh rjSglPj]sÌ}jgj]k'k t'k eyuk' iqjujhosm cùgj]lsa'\ fJgkalrjØk; t'lH awjSYc¶MjsRyukA aMkA cÑGÔA aohA SdCiSaSrlR - fJgkalrA rmÌjhl]lR cÑfjØjÓ; LÓlujgk'ksiæjH siykA cfUlYz<aluj alylsf TO YeSîl.A Qgk ><kwrije¸ialuj alykalujgk'k; T;ij glacIlaj rlu]gkSmukA zlájwjuksmukA aMkA còGCrA sdlÞ\ alYfaln\ cfUlYz<A SpCJu YCßejmjØk eMjuf\; sr<\yk Lm]A eh YeakDglu SdlNYzc³\ Srfl]xkA cfUlYz<ÙjShu\]\ tÙjSrl]kdSelhkA svu¹jÓ;
1924 alGØjH fkmÍju cfUlYz<A ulsflgkijP YefUlYdanÍxkA KÞl]lsfukA 1936 riA>G 12 isg fkmG'kSel'k; Lfluf\ TO cfUlYz<A fjgkijflAdoG ziNsaRyjsr cA>ájØjmSÙlxA Qgk .J,njsu LÓlujgk'k; t'jgk'lhkA 1936H SîYfYeSiCr ijxA>gÙjr\ YCJ; vjÙjg fjgk'lX a<lglwlijsr SYegjÌjØ ZmdA tïln\# LujÙ wlfj]lSglmkÒ Scº<Sal# LÍsrulujgks'æjH 1924H fkmÍju cagA 1936 isg rJ}js]lÞkSeluf\ tïjrln\# Tijsmuln\ cj;ij dkÎjglasrSÌlhkÒ dkClYz>kßj]lglu vjh TOqi Srfl]xksm eæ\ sixjØÙk igk'f\;
1932H YCJ; vjÙjgfjgk'lX YeDUlejØ .gnegj,\]lgÙjsRy LegUle¹fu\s]fjsg Ydjc¹UlrjdxkA TOqigkA[ akc¸JÍxkA SvG'\ Qgk cAukí glY,¶Ju cajfj goeJdgjØk; Tflujgk'k YeCc¹alu rjiGÙr YeSîl.A; (Ydjc¹UlrjdxkA akc¸JAÍxkA domj esæmkÙfksdlÞldlA TO cagsÙ @YeSîl.A@ t'\ cAS>lPr svÕlR iSgnUiGzÿÙjsr SYegjÌjØf\; LÓlujgks'æjH Lf\ @TOqi h<x@ tS' LyjusÌmkalujgk'kÒo); TfjsRy .lzaluln\ SdlqSùgj YecAzÙjsRy SegjH YCJ; cj SdCisr glwUSYpl<dkMA vkaÙj rlmkdmÙjuf\; 1936 -zc\MjH ziNsaRy\ cÑfjplrlidlC rjuaA egj,\]gjØk; LSÌlqkA ssi]A cfUlYz<A akySelsh fs' rm'ksdlSÞujgk'k; t'lH rjiGÙrYeSîl.dlhÙ\: Lfluf\ ssi]A cfUlYz<A rm'ki'jgk' cauÙ\: 1936H fjgkijflAdoyjH Qgk TOqi a<lcSÑxrA rm'k; TSf fkmG'\ YCJ; cj;ij dkÎjglarkA aSMflrkA TOqiYealnjdxkA domj Sdl}usÙ cj;tA;tc\ >j,Ìlujgk' aoG clu´jsr dlnlR sv'k; TOqi cakpluA Q'mæA Y>j}J,\ vYdiGÙjuksm afalu cj;tA;tc\ c.ujH SvglR Qgk]aln\ % Lisg TOqi Ydjc¹Ulrjdxluj dlnlsf ckyjulrj Ydjc¹Ulrjdxluj dlnnsa'\ dkÎjglaR -iCUsÌ}k; >j,Ì\ Kmrmj cÑfA rHdlsf c.ujH ijCIlcakÒiglsuæjSh c.ujH LAzaluj SvG]o t'k eyÎk; sdlØkdk}jdsx alSÑlpJcl ak]k'f\ LiG ijCIlcjdxluj}ÓSÓl t'\ cj;ij fjgjØmjØk; akfjG'igldkSÝlX Lfk Sinsa'\ >j,Ì\ LyjujØfjsr fkmG'\ cj;ijukA do}gkA ao'k Bluylq\vdxjH Sdl}uA cj;tA;tc\ dÙJY/hjH -glPr rmÙj; TO ijigA ciGÏgluj}kÒigksm svijujhksaÙj;
fjgkijflAdoyjsh <jòk cakpluÙjsh Qgk Ye>hcakplualujgk'k TOqiG; TfjSrlmdA fs' rjgiPj TOqigkA <gjwrÍxkA Ydjc¹kafA cIJdgjØfjhosm fjgkijflAdoyjsh asMlgk Ye>h cakplualuj Ydjc¹kafikA ixG'k dqjÎjgk'k; Ydjc¹UlrjdX]\ Y>j}J,\ cG]lG tÓlijP QÙlCdxkA rHdji'k; LiG]\ cG]lG cGÖJcjhkA aMkA SwlhjukA KyÌl]j LFil Y>j}J,\ .gnlPjdlgjdxksm dliH cG]lglu fjgkijflAdoG glwlijsr sdlÞ\ KyÌl]j; Trj TOqiG domj Ydjc¹kafA cIJdgjØlH fjgkijflAdoyjH Ydjc¹kafA Q'lA ëlrsÙÙkA; dn]kdX KßgjØ\ eyukdulsnæjH 1816H 12;37` alYfalujgk' Ydjc¹UlrjdX 1901 -uSÌlSq]kA 23;6` -uj ixG'k; LSf cauA <jòk afalds} 1816H 82;7` -ujgk'f\ 1901 -uSÌlSq]kA 68;5` -uj dkyÎk; 1930 -uSÌlSq]kA Ydjc¹kafÙjsRy ixGØ 30`aluj KuG'k; Lfluf\ wlfj iUiëuksm fjílrk.iÍX Lrk.ijØjgk'iG afA alyj SwlcEkA Sflac³kA ayjuukA L'Ñuksals]uluj alyj; (TÍsr afA alyj Ydjc¹Ulrjdxluisg sfl}kdomlu±ujH rj'kA Qqjil]jujgk'k; Tfk dÞj}lujgk'SÓl cIlaj ijSidlròR SdgxA Qgk Y.lïlhluA t'k ijxjØf\; t'lH iSgnUiGzÿÙjsrfjglu cIlajuksm TO -SglenÙjsRy dlgnÍX <jòk%akc¸JA cAZ}rÍxksm fhujH sd}jiu\]kduln\ T]o}G svu¹f\; ijSidlròsRy rlmlu >AzlxjhkA aMkA rm' iGzÿJu h<xdxksm eÙjH QgACA SelhkA SdgxÙjH cA.ijØjgk'jÓ; t'j}kA cIlaj >Azlxjsr iGzÿJuh<xuksm SegjH Y.lïlhuA t'kijxj]lsf SdgxsÙ Y.lïlhuA t'k ijxjØfjsRy ej'jsh SvSflijdlgA SaHÌyÎfÓlsf asMl'Ó);
cj;ij dkÎjglaSRyukA c<YeiGÙdgkSmukA TO rmemjdxksm cauÙln\ 1936 woN 11r\ tc\;tR;/j;ej SulzA Srfl]xlu YCJ; eårl.rkA YCJ; sd;ej SzlijòrlClrkA fÍX <gjÌlm\ SîYfÙjr\ akRiCÙkÒ Syl/jH YeSiCj]ksa'kA Lisg fmÎlH LiSglsmlÌA aMSrdA SeG Tc¸lAafA cIJdgj]ksa'kA YeDUlej]k'f\; TO cauA cjAhujH ckDilcÙjrkSelu glwlijsr L'sÙ pjilrkA cGSÖlegj djgJmA iu\]lÙ glwlikalujgk' clîlH cG; cj;ej glacIlaj LÕG ijigA Lyjuj]kdukA @pularc\drlu@ glwli\ SîYfegjcgÙkdosm iqj rm]kilrkÒ LrkilpA rHdkdukA svu¹k; LSÌlqkA ssi]A SîYfÙjsh iqjdxjhosm YeSiCrcIlfYïUÙjrk SiÞj (t'\ iSgnUiGzA LidlCsÌmk'k) cfUlYz<A rm'ksdlSÞujgj]k'k; Lfluf\ afA alyksa' .J,njsdlÞ\ SzlijòrlClrkA aMkA QMpjicA sdlÞ\ SîYfegjcgÙkdosm iqj rm]lrkÒ LidlCA SrmjsumkÙj}kA eÙkiG,ÙjhPjdA cfUlYz<A rmÙjuj}kA ssi]A cfUlYz<]lG]\ Ligksm -iCUA Srmjsumk]lR ejs'ukA dlÙjgjS]Þji'k;
cj;ijuksm Srf{ÙIÙjH TOqiG Q'mæA Ydjc¹kafA cIJdgjØlH KÞldk' .ij,UÙkdX arc³jhl]ju ijyxjeoÞ ciGÏG[ tR;tc\;tc\ Srflilujgk' a'Ùk eårl.sRy Srf{fIÙjH fjgkirïekgSÙ]\ Qgk @ciGÏwlF@ cAZmjÌjØk; LiGÏG]\ SîYfYeSiCrA Lrkipj]nsa'\ cj;ejSulm\ -iCUsÌ}k; LÓlÙeîA cA.ij]lR Seldk' .ij,UÙkdX arc³jhl]ju cj;ej;[ YCJ vjÙjg fjgk'lX glwglwiGÑ a<lglwlijsrsdlÞ\ SîYfYeSiCr ijxA>gÙjH QÌkiu´jØk; Lf\ ssi]A cfUlYz<ÙjsRy .lzalsn'\ igkÙjfJGÙ\[ stfj<lcjdaluj fJSgÞjujgk'[ LujÙ wlfj]lgksm caohegjiGÙrA TÓlfl]j[ ssi]A cfUlYz<sÙ ejgjØkijmkij]lrkA Tmul]j; cG]lgjsrfjgluj fJSgÞjujgk'[ LujÙ wlfj]lgksm caohegjiGÙrA TÓlfl]j[ ssi]A cfUlYz<sÙ ejgjØkijmkij]lrkA Tmul]j; cG]lgjsrfjglu cagA rjGÙjiu´j]lrkA: TOqigksm afAalMA Qqjil]lrkA clPjØk; Qgk simj]\ gÞkeîj; QÌA LiGÏG]kSiÞj rm'ki'jgk' cagÍX[ SîYfÙjH YeSiCrA dj}ju cSïl,ÙlH (LÌ],nA dj}ju dns]) rjGÐJial]lrkA clPjØk;
TO SîYfYeSiCrijxA>gÙjsRy -SZl,ÍX wrdJu cG]lgkdX iG,ASflykA hîÍX akm]j -SZl,j]kSÝlqkA SdgxÙjsh wlfjiUiëu\]\ Lykfji'j}jsÓ'\ fjgkiÓujsh egkahujhkÒ aPk t' TOqi ukilijsRy wJijfÙjH KÞlu Qgk cA.iA sfxjuj]k'k; Sdgx ss<S]lmfjujH YCJ; aPk caGÌjØ <GwjujH TYedlgA eyÎjgj]k'k; @17;02;2007r\ dijuoG YCJa<lSpi SîYfÙjH rac\dlgaéeÙjH duyk'fjH rj'kA eonoH TÓl t' dlgnA eyÎ\ SîYf .gnlPjdlgjdX ijh]j@; dijuoG YCJa<lSpi SîYfA fjgkijflAdoG SpicIA S>lG/jsRy .gnÙjR dJqjhkÒ Qgk SîYfaln\; Lfluf\ cG]lG id SîYfA; SdYòaYïj YCJ; iuhlG gijuksm svykadsRy Svlyonkaluj >ásÌ}\ zkgkiluogjH rmÙju eknUl< cA.iA Tfkaluj do}jilujS]Þfln\; TÓ iGÏA[ TÓ wlfj t'keyÎ\ iJÝjx]k' <jòk stdUSipj]lsg -SgukA dÞjÓ TO LrJfju\s]fjsg SelglmlR; tÍsr dlnkA LigkA iSgnUiGzÙjsRy rlxsÙ vgjYfdlgêlglSdÞigSÓ; rÑSxl Lisgqkfk' viykdX SipildUASelsh ijqkÍj *wj<I* akq]kilR ijPj]sÌ}igkA Tfjsrfjsg Selglmk' ekSglzarYeëlr]lsg ejØjØJïk' alPUaiGzÿA asMlgk iCÙkA;
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1; ssi]A cfUlYz<A Qgk vfjuksm vgjYfA % glwSzlelH ildÙlrA[ cS<lpgR YecjßJdgnA[ ildÙlrA;
2; dlhÙjrkakSÝ rm'iG % tA;cj SwlcE\[ TR/UR tfJc\M\ e>¸jS,q\c\[ rUo /H<j;
3; 11;11;2007sh SdgxdOakpj pjreYfA;
4; 5;8;1984sh dhldOakpj;
